庭前调解方法初探

陈龙仁

诉讼调解是我国人民司法工作的优良传统，也是长期以来民事审判工作的成功经验。以调解方式解决民事纠纷案件，有利于减少上诉和申诉案件的发生，特别是做好庭前调解工作可以缓解人民法院的审判压力，有利于当事人自觉履行法律文书确定的义务，实现社会的公平正义，取得较好的法律效果和社会效果。笔者结合审判实践，就如何灵活运用调解技巧做好庭前调解工作，浅谈已见。
要成功地进行庭前调解，光靠枯燥地讲解法律条文是远远不够的，还要讲究调解艺术，善于综合运用心理学、社会学、演讲学等多门类知识，充分发挥调解的各种技巧，才能达到成功调处的目的。
一、保持中立姿态，以“五心”来指导调解工作。
在调解过程中，应注意摆正位置，保持中立姿态，充分尊重双方当事人的诉讼权利，对他们的诉讼主张和理由给予同等到的关注。在积极引导当事人充分举证、质证、查找事实、明确责任的基础上，将自愿同意调解的意见表达在法庭上，将自愿解决纠纷的协议达成在法庭上，为当事人在实体和程序上按自已的意志处分权利提供充分条件，使当事人的意思表达更为真实准确，防止违法调解和强行调解的发生，保证了调解工作的合法性和规范性。
在调解过程中，调解人员应具备“五心”，即爱心、耐心、信心、诚心和公心。爱心就是爱岗敬业，心装当事人，有为保一方平安，无私奉献的精神，就要有为当事人排忧解难、有一案未结就吃不下饭睡不着觉的为民意识。耐心就是要养成“听得进、忍得住、拖得起”的好性子。在听的过程中劝说，在忍中明理，在拖（在当事人情绪激昂时，最好的办法就是冷处理）的过程中化解矛盾。信心就是要有自信心，以顽强的毅力，克服困难，知难而上，利用各种有利条件，采取有效措施做好调解工作。诚心就是要以优质高效的服务，真心实意在为当事人排忧解难，用真诚和热情设身处地为当事人着想，以实际行动赢得人民群众和当事人的支持和信赖。公心是贯穿在调解工作中的公平，公开，公正的原则。它要求法官在调解过程中应坚持当事人法律地位，权益，人格一律平等，排除亲疏，好恶，内外的因素，坚持以理服人。
二、细心调查，找准原因，坚持疏导，消除误解。
深入调查是调解成功的前提，没有调查就没有发言权。调解工作也是一样，不能单听一方诉说，只有深入调查，掌握翔实的第一手材料后，才能在调解时有理有据，避免说话授人以柄，处于被动局面。如朱某某与郑某某赡养纠纷一案，我们在受理该案之后，向当地人民调解委员会调查了解得知，自2000年以来，郑某某先后殴打其老母亲朱某某共四次，而且对打骂的时间，经过掌握得一清二楚。在调解本案时，一一讲来，使被告暗自心惊。如果不是经过细心的调查，调解时就不可能说得那么准，讲得那么清。在事实面前，郑某某不得不低头认错，并当庭表示愿意赡养老母亲。
三、区分不同个性的心理，制定相应调解策略。
不同案件的当事人，因文化素质和认知程度不一样，往往对问题有着不同的观点和见解。对此，在调解过程中，我们应学会掌握当事人心理活动的本领，根据案件的性质，难易程度和当事人的文化素养，脾气性格等确定调解方案，制定调解策略。如对脾气暴躁，容易冲动的案件当事人，就用温和态度平息当事人心中的怒火，又如在郭某某与卢某某离婚一案中，双方均争着要抚养一个五岁男孩，男方已结扎，女方非常疼爱小孩并声称若败诉将把官司打到最高院。按照有关法律规定，完全可把小孩判给男方，但我们没有强硬下判，而是紧紧抓在女方非常疼爱小孩这一心理活动特点，对女方这一优点及时予以表扬鼓励，调动了当事人的积极性，激活了好的好情绪，最后女方也考虑到了男方的实际难处，使案件得以调解成功。
四、抓住主要矛盾，找准关键环节，借力促调解。
在各种类型的民间纠纷中，群体性纠纷因其矛盾大，涉及的人数多，已成为严重影响社会安定的因素之一。群体性纠纷通常是以一个问题引发，多个矛盾参杂的综合反映。因此，对于这种纠纷应进行综合分析，从多个矛盾中找出主要矛盾，找准关键环节。在调解过程中，确定对案情有重大影响的关键人物，借其力，促成案件的调解，以解决纷争。如某某村赖姓和卢姓两大家族，因山林纠纷引起争议，案件起诉到法院后，双方还多次发生群体性械斗事件，我们调解了半天，双方还是互不相让。这时，我们想到了本村一位七十多岁的老书记，六十年代山林“四固定”时正是他担任支书，情况他最清楚，况且几个带头闹事的也都是他的后辈，请他出来做工作最有威信，何不借他的力量？经过一番努力，老书记终于被请出来，叫了两姓的几个代表到村会议室，将他们劝服，就这样，一场可能引发宗族械斗的纠纷得以调解解决。
五、依法、公平、公正是调解成功的保证。
古人曾说“民不畏我严而畏我廉，民不服我能而服我公”。民事调解工作也是如此，只有做到以事实为依据，以法律为准绳，正确运用法律；做到公平公正，才能保证调解结果的合法性，权威性和约束力。双方当事人觉得合情合理，公平公正，才会自觉履行协议。如：2002年10月29日，一位衣衫褴褛的贵州籍仡佬族民工郑某某到漳平法院诉称，自今年8月份起，郑一直为新桥本地老板黄某某加工木屑，黄至今拖欠郑劳动报酬一千多元，郑因女儿患病住院急需用款，多次向黄催要劳动报酬，但黄以各种理由予以搪塞，不肯支付该款。我院受理该案后，并未认为郑是外地民工而予以区别对待，而是立即组织双方当事人进行调解，最终双方达成和解协议，黄及时地履行了该协议。这位外地少数民族民工依法要回了自已的劳动报酬，女儿的生命健康亦得到了保障。
六、充分发挥代理人的作用。
在庭前调解工作中，审判人员既要做好当事人的思想工作，又要注意发挥代理人的作用。因为当事人往往由于不熟悉法律或中顾考虑自己一方利益而坚持自己的主张。尤其是负有过错一方当事人往往一时难以从容认错，或总对承办法官必存介蒂，给调解工作带来一定的难度。因此，在庭前调解时，我们要充分挖掘代理人的角色作用，尽量与当事人的代理人多沟通，由代理人对当事人做思想疏导工作。也给负有责任的当事人以必要的台阶下，因为他们之间的委托关系是基于信任产生的，当事人对各自的代理人都有较强的信任感和依赖性，代理人的意见当事人比较容易接受，我们可利用代理人为当事人解释相关法律、政策规定，结合案件情况，阐明道理。以取得当事人的正确认识，从而促成案件得以顺利调解成功。



国家技术监督局


中华人民共和国进口计量器具监督管理办法(附英文)

（一九八九年十月十一日国务院批准）

第一章 总 则
第一条 为加强进口计量器具的监督管理，根据《中华人民共和国计量法》和《中华人民共和国计量法实施细则》的有关规定，制定本办法。
第二条 任何单位和个人进口计量器具，以及外商（含外国制造商、经销商，下同）或其代理人在中国销售计量器具，都必须遵守本办法。
第三条 进口计量器具的监督管理，由国务院计量行政部门主管，具体实施由国务院和地方有关部门分工负责。

第二章 进口计量器具的型式批准
第四条 凡进口或外商在中国境内销售列入本办法所附《中华人民共和国进口计量器具型式审查目录》内的计量器具的，应向国务院计量行政部门申请办理型式批准。
属进口的，由外商申请型式批准。
属外商在中国境内销售的，由外商或其代理人申请型式批准。
国务院计量行政部门可根据情况变化对《中华人民共和国进口计量器具型式审查目录》作个别调整。
第五条 外商或其代理人申请型式批准，须向国务院计量行政部门递交型式批准申请书、计量器具样机照片和必要的技术资料。
国务院计量行政部门应根据外商或其代理人递交的资料进行计量法制审查。
第六条 国务院计量行政部门接受申请后，负责安排授权的技术机构进行定型鉴定，并通知外商或其代理人向承担定型鉴定的技术机构提供样机和以下技术资料：
（一）计量器具的技术说明书；
（二）计量器具的总装图、结构图和电路图；
（三）技术标准文件和检验方法；
（四）样机测试报告；
（五）使用说明书。
定型鉴定所需的样机由外商或其代理人无偿提供。海关凭国务院计量行政部门的保函验放并免收关税。样机经鉴定后退还申请人。
第七条 定型鉴定按鉴定大纲进行。鉴定大纲由承担鉴定的技术机构，根据国务院计量行政部门发布的《计量器具定型鉴定技术规范》的要求制定。主要内容包括：外观检查、计量性能考核以及安全性、环境适应性、可靠性和寿命试验等。
第八条 定型鉴定的结果由承担鉴定的技术机构报国务院计量行政部门审核。经审核合格的，由国务院计量行政部门向申请人颁发《中华人民共和国进口计量器具型式批准证书》，并准予在相应的计量器具和包装上使用中华人民共和国进口计量器具型式批准的标志和编号。
第九条 承担定型鉴定的技术机构及其工作人员，对申请人提供的技术资料必须保密。
第十条 有下列情况之一的，经国务院计量行政部门同意，可申请办理临时型式批准，具体办法由国务院计量行政部门规定：
（一）展览会留购的；
（二）确属急需的；
（三）销售量极少的；
（四）国内暂无定型鉴定能力的。
第十一条 外国制造的计量器具经我国型式批准后，由国务院计量行政部门予以公布。

第三章 进口计量器具的审批
第十二条 申请进口计量器具，按国家关于进口商品的规定程序进行审批。
负责审批的有关主管部门和归口审查部门，应对申请进口《中华人民共和国依法管理的计量器具目录》内的计量器具进行法定计量单位的审查，对申请进口本办法第四条规定的计量器具审查是否经过型式批准。经审查不合规定的，审批部门不得批准进口，外贸经营单位不得办理订货手续。
海关对进口计量器具凭审批部门的批件验放。
第十三条 因特殊需要，申请进口非法定计量单位的计量器具和国务院禁止使用的其他计量器具，须经国务院计量行政部门批准。
第十四条 申请进口非法定计量单位的计量器具和国务院禁止使用的其他计量器具的单位，应向国务院计量行政部门提供以下材料和文件：
（一）申请报告；
（二）计量器具的性能及技术指标；
（三）计量器具的照片和使用说明；
（四）本单位上级主管部门的批件。

第四章 进口计量器具的检定
第十五条 进口以销售为目的的列入《中华人民共和国依法管理的计量器具目录》内的计量器具，在海关验放后，订货单位必须向所在的省、自治区、直辖市人民政府计量行政部门申请检定。当地不能检定的，向国务院计量行政部门申请检定。
第十六条 接受进口计量器具检定申请的政府计量行政部门，应指定计量检定机构及时进行检定。对检定合格的，应由政府计量行政部门出具检定证书、检定合格证或加盖检定合格印，并准予销售。
第十七条 订货单位应将计量行政部门对进口计量器具的检定结果报告所在地区的商检机构。检定不合格，需要向外索赔的，订货单位应及时向所在地区商检机构申请复验出证。
第十八条 进口不以销售为目的的计量器具，按照国家关于一般进口商品检验工作的管理办法办理。

第五章 法律责任
第十九条 违反本办法规定，进口非法定计量单位的计量器具或国务院禁止使用的其他计量器具的，按照《中华人民共和国计量法实施细则》第四十四条规定追究法律责任。
第二十条 进口计量器具未经省级以上人民政府计量行政部门指定的计量检定机构检定合格而销售的，按照《中华人民共和国计量法实施细则》第五十条规定追究法律责任。
第二十一条 违反本办法第四条规定，进口或销售未经国务院计量行政部门型式批准的计量器具的，计量行政部门有权封存其计量器具，责令其补办型式批准手续，并可处以相当于进口或销售额百分之三十以下的罚款。
第二十二条 承担进口计量器具定型鉴定的技术机构违反本办法第九条规定的，按照《中华人民共和国计量法实施细则》第五十八条规定追究法律责任。

第六章 附 则
第二十三条 引进成套设备中配套的计量器具以及不以销售为目的的计量器具的监督管理，按国家有关规定办理。
第二十四条 与本办法有关的申请书、证书和标志式样，由国务院计量行政部门统一制定。
第二十五条 申请进口计量器具的型式批准、定型鉴定和计量检定，应按国家有关规定缴纳费用。
第二十六条 进口用于统一量值的标准物质的监督管理，可参照本办法执行。
第二十七条 本办法由国务院行政部门负责解释。
第二十八条 本办法自发布之日起施行。

中华人民共和国进口计量器具型式审查目录
1．衡器（含天平）
2．传感器
3．声级计
4．三座标测量机
5．表面粗糙度测量仪
6．大地测量仪器
7．热量计
8．流量计（含水表、煤气表）
9．压力计（含血压计）
10．温度计
11．数字电压表
12．场强计
13．心、脑电图仪（机）
14．有害气体、粉尘、水质污染监测仪
15．电离辐射防护仪
16．分光光度计（含紫外、红外、可见光光度计）
17．气相、液相色谱仪
18．温度、水份测量仪
(附英文)

MEASURES OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA FOR THE SUPERVISION ANDADMINISTRATION OF IMPORTED INSTRUMENTS OF MEASUREMENT

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
MEASURES OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA FOR THE SUPERVISION AND
ADMINISTRATION OF IMPORTED INSTRUMENTS OF MEASUREMENT
(Approved by the State Council on October 11, 1989 and promulgated
by the Decree No. 3 of the State Bureau of Technology Supervision on
November 4, 1989)

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
These Measures are formulated, in accordance with the pertinent
stipulations of the Metrology Law of the People's Republic of China and
the Rules for the Implementation of the Metrology Law of the People's
Republic of China, for the purpose of strengthening the supervision over
the administration of imported instruments of measurement.
Article 2
Any units and individuals that are engaged in the importation of
instruments of measurement and any foreign businessmen (including foreign
manufacturers, salesmen, the same hereinafter) or their agents who are
engaged in the sales of instruments of measurement in China must abide by
these Measures.
Article 3
The competent administrative department under the State Council shall be
responsible for the supervision over and administration of imported
instruments of measurement. The departments concerned under the State
Council and in the local governments shall be responsible for the actual
implementation in keeping with the division of responsibility.

Chapter II Model Approval of Imported Instruments of Measurement
Article 4
Anyone who wants to import the instruments of measurement listed in the
Catalogue of Model Examination of the People's Republic of China for
Imported Instruments of Measurement attached to these Measures or any
foreign businessman who wants to sell these instruments in China must
apply to the competent department in charge of measurement under the State
Council for model approval.
Applications for model approval for imported instruments should be
submitted by foreign businessmen.
Applications for model approval for instruments sold by foreign
businessmen in China should be submitted by the foreign businessmen or
their agents.
The competent department in charge of measurement under the State Council
may, according to changes of circumstances, make minor adjustments of the
Catalogue of Model Examination of the People's Republic of China for
Imported Instruments of Measurement.
Article 5
In applying for model approval, foreign businessmen or their agents must
submit model approval application, photographs or the sample instruments
and necessary technical data to the competent department in charge of
measurement under the State Council. The competent department under the
State Council shall conduct examination of the materials submitted by
foreign businessmen or their agents according to the relevant provisions
of the measurement law and regulations.
Article 6
After receiving applications, the competent department under the State
Council shall arrange for an authorized technical agency to conduct design
appraisement and inform the foreign businessmen or their agents that they
should provide the technical agency with sample instruments and the
following technical data:
(1) the technical manuals of the instruments;
(2) the assembly diagrams, structural drawings and circuit diagrams of the
instruments;
(3) the documents of technical standards and the methods for examination;
(4) the testing reports on the sample instruments;
(5) the operation instructions.
The sample instruments needed in the design appraisement should be
provided free of charge by the foreign businessmen or their agents.
Customs authorities shall inspect and release the instruments on the
strength of the letters of guarantee issued by the competent department in
charge of measurement under the State Council and shall impose no customs
duties. The sample instruments shall be returned to the applicants after
the appraisements.
Article 7
Design appraisement shall be conducted in accordance with the requirements
laid down in the appraisement outline which is drawn up by the technical
agency responsible for the appraisement according to the Technical
Specifications of Design Appraisement for Instruments of Measurement
issued by the competent administrative department under the State Council.
Its main content includes inspection of the exterior assessment of
measurement functions, safety, adaptability to environment, reliability
and service life.
Article 8
The results of the design appraisement shall be reported by the technical
agency responsible for the appraisement to the competent administrative
department under the State Council for verification. Those applicants
whose instruments have passed such examination and verification shall be
issued with the Certificate of Approval of the People's Republic of China
for Designs of Imported Instruments of Measurement by the competent
administrative department under the State Council and shall be allowed to
use the marks and serial numbers of the People's Republic of China for
design approval on the corresponding instruments and their packages.
Article 9
The technical agencies responsible for design appraisement and their
personnel must keep secret the technical data provided by applicants.
Article 10
Applications for temporary model approvals for instruments, which fall
into any of the following categories, can be made with prior consent of
the competent administrative department under the State Council, which
shall stipulate the relevant procedures:
(1) those instruments reserved for sale after exhibitions;
(2) those instruments which are indeed urgently needed;
(3) those instruments whose sales volume is extremely small;
(4) those instruments for which China is incapable of carrying out design
appraisement for the time being.
Article 11
Those instruments of measurement produced in foreign countries which have
obtained design approvals in our country shall be made public by the
competent department under the State Council.

Chapter III Examination and Approval of Imported Instruments of Measurement
Article 12
Applications to import instruments of measurement must be examined and
approved according to the procedures stipulated by the state concerning
imported commodities. The relevant competent administrative departments
for examination and approval and the special departments in charge of
examination shall conduct examination of official measures for instruments
of measurement to be imported, which are listed in the Catalogue of the
People's Republic of China Concerning Instruments of Measurement
Controlled by Law and must ensure that the instruments of measurement to
be imported according to the provisions of Article 4 of these Measures
pass model approval. If the relevant instruments fail to pass the
examination, the departments responsible for examination and approval may
not approve of import of them and foreign trade departments may not order
the goods.
The Customs shall inspect and release imported instruments of measurement
on the strength of the documents of approval issued by the department
responsible for examination and approval.
Article 13
Applications, as required by special needs, to import instruments of non-
official measures or those instruments which have been prohibited by the
State Council must be subject to approval of the administrative department
for measurement under the State Council.
Article 14
The units which apply to import instruments of non-official measures or
those instruments which have been prohibited by the State Council should
provide the following materials and documents to the administrative
department for measurement under the State Council:
(1) applications;
(2) the functions and technical standards of the instruments;
(3) the photographs and operation instructions of the instruments;
(4) the documents of approval issued by the competent authorities above
the applying units.

Chapter IV Examination and Determination of Imported Instruments of Measurement
Article 15
Those units which import, for sale on the domestic market, instruments as
listed in the Catalogue of the People's Republic of China Concerning the
Instruments of Measurement Controlled by Law must, after the inspection
and release by the Customs, apply for examination and determination to the
administrative departments for measurement in the people's governments of
their respective provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities directly
under the Central Government. If it cannot be done locally, they may apply
to the administrative department for measurement under the State Council
for examination and determination.
Article 16
The government administrative departments for measurement which deal with
applications for examination and determination of imported instruments of
measurement shall appoint agencies for prompt measurement examination and
determination. If the instruments pass the examination and determination,
the government administrative departments shall issue certificates of
examination and determination and certificates of quality or affix stamps
and allow their sales.
Article 17
The units ordering such instruments shall report the result of examination
and determination to the local commodity inspection agencies. In case the
instruments fail to pass the examination and determination and therefore
give rise to the necessity to claim compensation from foreign suppliers,
the units should apply in time to the local commodity inspection agencies
for re-inspection certificates.
Article 18
Those instruments of measurement which are imported for purposes other
than sales shall be dealt with according to the measures stipulated by the
State concerning inspection of ordinary imported commodities.

Chapter V Legal Liability
Article 19
Those who violate the provisions of these Measures by importing
instruments of measurement of non-official measures or other instruments
prohibited by the State Council shall be investigated for legal
liabilities in accordance with the provisions of Article 44 of the Rules
for the Implementation of the Metrology Law of the People's Republic of
China.
Article 20
Those who import and sell the instruments of measurements which have not
been examined and determined by the agencies for measurement examination
and determination designated by the administrative departments in charge
of measurement in the people's governments above provincial level shall be
investigated for legal liabilities in accordance with the provisions of
Article 50 of the Rules for the Implementation of the Metrology Law of the
People's Republic of China.
Article 21
If anyone or any units violate the provisions of Article 4 of these
Measures by importing or selling those instruments of measurement which
have not obtained the model approval by the administrative department for
measurement under the State Council, the administrative departments in
charge of measurement have the right to seal up their instruments, order
them to go through the formalities for model approval and may also impose
a fine of less than 30% of the import volume or the sales volume.
Article 22
Technical agencies responsible for design appraisement for imported
instruments of measurement that have violated the provisions of Article 9
of these Measures shall be investigated for legal liabilities in
accordance with the provisions of Article 58 of the Rules for the
Implementation of the Metrology Law of the People's Republic of China.

Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions
Article 23
The supervision over and administration of the instruments of measurement
which form a part of complete sets of equipment introduced from abroad and
the instruments imported for purposes other than sale on the domestic
market shall be conducted according to the relevant stipulations of the
state.
Article 24
The applications, certificates and types of marks related to these
Measures shall all be formulated by the competent department under the
State Council.
Article 25
Fees for model approval, design appraisement and measurement examination
and determination for imported instruments of measurement should be paid
in accordance with the relevant stipulations of the state.
Article 26
The supervision over and administration of imported standard substances
used in unifying measure values may be conducted with reference to these
Measures.
Article 27
These Measures shall be interpreted by the administrative department for
measurement under the State Council.
Article 28
These Measures shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.
Appendix: The Catalogue of Model Examination of the People's Republic of
China for Imported Instruments of Measurement:
1. Weighing apparatus (including scales);
2. Sensors;
3. Sound meters;
4. Surveying machines with three coordinates;
5. Surveying instruments for roughness of surface;
6. Geodesic instruments;
7. Calorimeters;
8. Flowmeters (including water meters and gas meters);
9. Pressure gauges (including sphygmomanometers);
10. Thermometers;
11. Digital voltmeters;
12. Field intensity meters;
13. Electrocardiographs and electroencephalographs;
14. Monitors for toxic gases, dust and water pollution;
15. Ionospheric radiation protectors;
16. Spectrometers (including meters for ultraviolet rays, infrared rays
and visible lights);
17. Gaseous phase and liquid phase chromatographs;
18. Instruments for measuring temperature and moisture content.